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maximum regime

Толкование Перевод

1 maximum regime

дв. максимальный режим

Englsh-Russian aviation and space dictionary > maximum regime
2 regime

режим, см. тж. condition, mode

in the low speed regime — в области малых скоростей

shock tube flow regime — режим течения в ударной трубе

— approach regime

— attached flow regime

— autorotation regime

— blade stall regime

— braking regime

— circulation regime

— combustion regime

— compressor operation regime

— continuous regime

— conventional flight regime

— conversion flight regime

— critical regime

— cruising regime

— damping regime

— design regime

— desired regime

— diving regime

— flight regime

— flow discharge regime

— flow regime

— flow-around regime

— high-drag turbulent-flow regime

— high-speed flight regime

— horizontal flight regime

— hovering flight regime

— hypersonic regime

— intermediate regime

— intermittent regime

— LAHS flight regime

— laminar-flow regime

— landing regime

— level flight regime

— local flow regime

— loiter regime

— long-term regime

— low-altitude flight regime

— low-drag laminar-flow regime

— low-speed flight regime

— maximum regime

— negative-thrust regime

— nozzle regime

— off-design regime

— oscillatory regime

— pancaking regime

— perturbed regime

— planned regime

— post-stall flow regime

— post-stall regime

— precipitation regime

— prescribed regime

— pre-stall regime

— propeller operation regime

— radiation regime

— radiative regime

— reverse-thrust regime

— rotation regime

— short-term regime

— similar regime

— speed regime

— stable combustion regime

— stable regime

— starting regime

— stationary regime

— steady regime

— STOL flight regime

— subcritical regime

— sublimation regime

— subsonic regime

— supercritical regime

— supersonic regime

— takeoff regime

— test regime

— transition flight regime

— transition regime

— transonic regime

— turbulent-flow regime

— unstable combustion regime

— unsteady regime

— vertical climb regime

— vertical descent regime

— vertical flight regime

— weak interaction regime

— windmilling regime

Englsh-Russian aviation and space dictionary > regime
3 maximum rating
1. максимальный режим работы ГТД
2. максимальная нагрузка
максимальная нагрузка
—
[Я.Н.Лугинский, М.С.Фези-Жилинская, Ю.С.Кабиров. Англо-русский словарь по электротехнике и электроэнергетике, Москва]

Тематики
- электротехника, основные понятия
EN
максимальный режим работы ГТД
максимальный режим
Установившийся режим работы ГТД, характеризуемый максимальной тягой (мощностью) на земле или в полете в течение ограниченного времени.
Примечание
Параметры ГТД на максимальном режиме имеют индекс «mах».
[ ГОСТ 23851-79]

Тематики
- двигатели летательных аппаратов
Синонимы
- максимальный режим
EN
- maximum rating
DE
- maximale Betriebszustand
FR
- régime de fonctionnement maximal
Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > maximum rating
4 maximum continuons rating
1. максимальный продолжительный режим работы ГТД
максимальный продолжительный режим работы ГТД
максимальный продолжительный режим
Установившийся режим работы ГТД, характеризуемый пониженными по сравнению с максимальным режимом значениями частоты вращения ротора (роторов) и температуры газа перед турбиной, при которых двигатель может работать с ограниченной по времени общей наработкой.
Примечания
1. Параметры ГТД на максимальном продолжительном режиме имеют индекс «mах пр».
2. Для некоторых ГТД частота вращения ротора может оставаться неизменной.
[ ГОСТ 23851-79]

Тематики
- двигатели летательных аппаратов
Синонимы
- максимальный продолжительный режим
EN
- maximum continuons rating
DE
- maximaler Dauerbetriebszustand
FR
- régime maximum continu
Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > maximum continuons rating
5 maximum earnings for the purpose of the plan

salaire plafond du régime (2e)

English-French insurance dictionari > maximum earnings for the purpose of the plan
6 augmented turbojet (turfofan) maximum afterburning rating
1. полный форсированный режим работы ТРДФ (ТРДДФ)
полный форсированный режим работы ТРДФ (ТРДДФ)
полный форсированный режим
Ндп. полный форсажный режим работы ТРДФ (ТРДДФ)
Форсированный режим работы ТРДФ (ТРДДФ), характеризуемый максимальным расходом топлива в форсажной камере сгорания при максимальных частоте вращения ротора (роторов), двигателя и температуре газа перед турбиной.
Примечание
Параметры ГТД на полном форсированном режиме имеют индекс «ПФ».
[ ГОСТ 23851-79]

Недопустимые, нерекомендуемые
- полный форсажный режим работы ТРДФ (ТРДДФ)
Тематики
- двигатели летательных аппаратов
Синонимы
- полный форсированный режим
EN
- augmented turbojet (turfofan) maximum afterburning rating
DE
- Betriebszustand mit maximaler Nachverbrennung
FR
- régime de fonctionnement du TRPC (TRDFPC) à pleine réchauffe
250. Полный форсированный режим работы ТРДФ (ТРДДФ)

Полный форсированный режим

Ндп. Полный форсажный режим работы ТРДФ ( ТРДДФ)

D. Betriebszustand mit maximaler Nachverbrennung

E. Augmented turbojet (turfofan) maximum afterburning rating

F. Régime de fonctionnement du TRPC (TRDFPC) á pleine réchauffe

Форсированный режим работы ТРДФ (ТРДДФ), характеризуемый максимальным расходом топлива в форсажной камере сгорания при максимальных частоте вращения ротора (роторов), двигателя и температуре газа перед турбиной.

Примечание. Параметры ГТД на полном форсированном режиме имеют индекс «ПФ».

Источник: ГОСТ 23851-79: Двигатели газотурбинные авиационные. Термины и определения оригинал документа
Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > augmented turbojet (turfofan) maximum afterburning rating
7 stretch

stretch [stretʃ]

1 noun

(a) (expanse → of land, water) étendue f;

∎ this stretch of the road is particularly dangerous in the winter cette partie de la route est très dangereuse en hiver;

∎ a new stretch of road/motorway un nouveau tronçon de route/d'autoroute;

∎ a long straight stretch une longue route en ligne droite;

∎ it's a lovely stretch of river/scenery cette partie de la rivière/du paysage est magnifique;

∎ Horseracing & figurative to go into the final or finishing or home stretch entamer la dernière ligne droite

(b) (period of time) période f;

∎ for a long stretch of time pendant longtemps;

∎ for long stretches at a time there was nothing to do il n'y avait rien à faire pendant de longues périodes;

∎ to do a stretch of ten years in the army passer dix ans dans l'armée;

∎ familiar he did a stretch in Dartmoor il a fait de la taule à Dartmoor;

∎ familiar he was given a five-year stretch (in prison) il a écopé de cinq ans

(c) (act of stretching) étirement m;

∎ he stood up, yawned and had a stretch il se leva, bâilla et s'étira;

∎ to give one's legs a stretch se dégourdir les jambes;

∎ do a couple of stretches before breakfast faites quelques étirements avant le petit déjeuner;

∎ Music stretch of the fingers (at the piano) écart m des doigts;

∎ by no stretch of the imagination même en faisant un gros effort d'imagination;

∎ he's the better writer by a long stretch c'est de loin le meilleur écrivain;

∎ not by a long stretch! loin de là!

(d) (elasticity) élasticité f;

∎ there isn't much stretch in these gloves ces gants ne sont pas très souples;

∎ there's a lot of stretch in these stockings ces bas sont très élastiques ou s'étirent facilement;

∎ with two-way stretch (of elastic fabric) extensible dans les deux sens

2 adjective

Textiles (material) élastique, Stretch ® (inv); (cover) extensible

3 transitive verb

(a) (pull tight) tendre;

∎ stretch the rope tight tendez bien la corde;

∎ a cable was stretched across the ravine on avait tendu un câble à travers le ravin;

∎ they stretched a net over the pit ils ont tendu un filet au-dessus de la fosse;

∎ Art to stretch the canvas on the frame tendre la toile sur le châssis

(b) (pull longer or wider → elastic) étirer; (→ spring) tendre; (→ garment, shoes) élargir;

∎ to stretch sth out of shape déformer qch;

∎ don't pull your socks like that, you'll stretch them ne tire pas sur tes chaussettes comme ça, tu vas les déformer

(c) (extend, reach to full length) étendre;

∎ stretch your arms upwards tendez les bras vers le haut;

∎ he stretched his arm through the broken window il allongea le bras à travers le carreau cassé;

∎ if I stretch up my hand I can reach the ceiling si je tends la main je peux toucher le plafond;

∎ to stretch one's neck to see sth tendre le cou pour voir qch;

∎ to stretch oneself s'étirer;

∎ to stretch one's legs étirer ses jambes; familiar figurative se dégourdir les jambes;

∎ the bird stretched its wings l'oiseau déploya ses ailes;

∎ figurative to stretch one's wings (become more independent) voler de ses propres ailes; (seek out new challenges) aller de l'avant

(d) (force, bend → meaning) forcer; (→ rules) tourner, contourner, faire une entorse à; (→ principle) faire une entorse à; (→ imagination) faire un gros effort de;

∎ you're really stretching my patience ma patience a des limites;

∎ to stretch the truth exagérer;

∎ they have stretched their authority a bit too far ils ont un peu abusé de leur autorité;

∎ that's stretching it a bit! il ne faut pas exagérer!;

∎ it would be stretching a point to call him a diplomat dire qu'il est diplomate serait exagérer ou aller un peu loin;

∎ I suppose we could stretch a point and let him stay je suppose qu'on pourrait faire une entorse au règlement et lui permettre de rester

(e) (budget, income, resources, supplies → get the most from) tirer le maximum de; (→ overload) surcharger, mettre à rude épreuve;

∎ our resources are stretched to the limit nos ressources sont exploitées ou utilisées au maximum;

∎ I can't stretch my income that far mon salaire ne me permet pas de faire de telles dépenses;

∎ we should be able to stretch the food until the weekend nous devrions pouvoir faire durer les provisions jusqu'au week-end;

∎ our staff are really stretched today le personnel travaille à la limite de ses possibilités aujourd'hui;

∎ to be fully stretched (machine, engine) tourner à plein régime; (factory, economy) fonctionner à plein régime; (resources, services) être sollicité à fond; (person, staff) faire son maximum;

∎ the job won't stretch you enough le travail ne sera pas assez stimulant pour vous;

∎ she believes young people need to be stretched elle pense qu'il faut être exigeant avec les jeunes pour qu'ils donnent le meilleur d'eux-mêmes

(f) (ligament, muscle) étirer

4 intransitive verb

(a) (be elastic) s'étirer; (become longer) s'allonger; (become wider) s'élargir;

∎ this fabric tends to stretch ce tissu a tendance à s'étirer;

∎ the shoes will stretch with wear vos chaussures vont se faire ou s'élargir à l'usage;

∎ my pullover has stretched out of shape mon pull s'est déformé

(b) (person, animal → from tiredness) s'étirer; (→ on ground, bed) s'étendre, s'allonger; (→ to reach something) tendre la main;

∎ she stretched lazily elle s'étira nonchalamment;

∎ he had to stretch to reach it (reach out) il a dû tendre le bras pour l'atteindre; (stand on tiptoe) il a dû se mettre sur la pointe des pieds pour l'atteindre;

∎ she stretched across me to get the salt elle a passé le bras devant moi pour attraper le sel;

∎ can you stretch over and get me the paper? pouvez-vous tendre le bras et me passer le journal?;

∎ he stretched up to touch the cupboard il s'est mis sur la pointe des pieds pour atteindre le placard

(c) (spread, extend → in space, time) s'étendre;

∎ the forest stretches as far as the eye can see la forêt s'étend à perte de vue;

∎ the road stretches away into the distance la route s'étend au lointain;

∎ the road stretched across 500 miles of desert la route parcourait 800 km de désert;

∎ the rope stretched across the ravine le corde allait d'un côté à l'autre du ravin;

∎ minutes stretched into hours les minutes devenaient des heures;

∎ our powers don't stretch as far as you imagine nos pouvoirs ne sont pas aussi étendus que vous l'imaginez

(d) (money, resources)

∎ my salary won't stretch to a new car mon salaire ne me permet pas d'acheter une nouvelle voiture;

∎ my resources won't stretch to that mes moyens (pécuniaires) ne vont pas jusque-là

5 at a stretch adverb

(a) (in a row) d'affilée;

∎ we worked for five hours at a stretch nous avons travaillé cinq heures d'affilée

(b) (with much effort) à la limite, à la rigueur;

∎ we could finish by Monday at a stretch à la limite ou à la rigueur, on pourrait finir pour lundi;

∎ we could fit six people in the car at a stretch à la rigueur, on pourrait tenir à six dans la voiture

6 at full stretch adverb

∎ to be at full stretch (factory, machine) fonctionner à plein régime ou à plein rendement; (person) se donner à fond, faire son maximum;

∎ we were working at full stretch nous travaillions d'arrache-pied;

∎ even at full stretch, we can't meet the delivery date même en tournant à plein régime, nous ne pouvons pas respecter les délais de livraison

►► stretch class cours m de stretching;

stretch fabric Stretch ® m;

stretch limo limousine f à la carrosserie allongée

➲ stretch out

1 separable transitive verb

(a) (pull tight) tendre;

∎ the sheets had been stretched out on the line to dry on avait étendu les draps sur le fil à linge pour qu'ils sèchent;

∎ the plastic sheet was stretched out on the lawn la bâche en plastique était étalée sur la pelouse

(b) (extend, spread → arms, legs) allonger, étendre; (→ hand) tendre; (→ wings) déployer;

∎ she stretched out her hand towards him/for the cup elle tendit la main vers lui/pour prendre la tasse;

∎ she lay stretched out in front of the television elle était allongée par terre devant la télévision

(c) (prolong → interview, meeting) prolonger, faire durer; (→ account) allonger;

∎ she has to stretch her thesis out a bit for publication il faut qu'elle étoffe un peu sa thèse pour la publier

(d) (make last → supplies, income) faire durer

2 intransitive verb

(a) (person, animal) s'étendre, s'allonger;

∎ they stretched out on the lawn in the sun ils se sont allongés au soleil sur la pelouse

(b) (forest, countryside) s'étendre; (prospects, season) s'étendre, s'étaler;

∎ a nice long holiday stretched out before them ils avaient de longues vacances devant eux

Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > stretch
8 stretch

stretch

A n

1 ( extending movement) ( in gymnastics) extension f ; to have a stretch s'étirer ; to give sth a stretch étirer [arm, leg] ; tirer sur [elastic] ; to be at full stretch lit ( taut) [rope, elastic] être tendu au maximum ; fig ( flat out) [factory, office] être à plein régime ; to work at full stretch [factory, machine] travailler à plein régime ; [person] travailler au maximum de ses capacités ; at a stretch à la rigueur ;

2 ( elasticity) élasticité f ;

3 ( section) (of road, track) tronçon m ; (of coastline, river) partie f ; a clear/dangerous stretch of road un tronçon de route dégagé/dangereux ; the stretch of track/road between Oxford and Banbury le tronçon de voie/route entre Oxford et Banbury ; to be on the home ou finishing stretch [athlete, racehorse] être sur la ligne d'arrivée ;

4 ( expanse) (of water, countryside) étendue f ; a stretch of land une étendue de terre ;

5 ( period) période f ; a short/long stretch une longue/courte période ; he was often left alone for long stretches on le laissait souvent seul des heures durant ; a three-hour stretch trois heures ; I did an 18-month stretch in Tokyo j'ai travaillé 18 mois à Tokyo ; to work for 12 hours at a stretch travailler 12 heures d'affilée ;

6 ○ ( prison sentence) peine f ; a five-year stretch une peine de cinq ans ; to do a long stretch servir une longue peine.

B adj ( épith) [cover, fabric, waist] extensible ; [limousine] à carrosserie allongée, longue.

C vtr

1 ( extend) tendre [rope, net] (between entre) ; to stretch one's neck/arms/legs lit s'étirer le cou/les bras/les jambes ; to stretch one's legs fig se dégourdir or se dérouiller les jambes ; to stretch one's wings lit, fig déployer ses ailes ; the fabric was stretched tight across his shoulders/buttocks le tissu lui moulait les épaules/les fesses ;

2 ( increase the size) lit tendre [spring] ; étirer [elastic] ; tirer sur [fabric] ; ( deliberately) élargir [shoe] ; ( distort) déformer [garment, shoe] ; fig they stretched their lead to 5-0 ils ont conforté leur position de leader en menant 5-0 ;

3 ( bend) déformer [truth] ; contourner [rules, regulations] ; to stretch a point ( make concession) faire une exception ; ( exaggerate) aller trop loin ;

4 ( push to the limit) abuser de [patience, tolerance] ; utiliser [qch] au maximum [budget, resources] ; pousser [qn] au maximum de ses possibilités [pupil, employee, competitor] ; to be fully stretched [person, company] être à son maximum ; the system is stretched to the limit le système est exploité au maximum de ses possibilités ; you're stretching my credulity to the limit n'abuse pas trop de ma crédulité ; I need a job that stretches me j'ai besoin d'un travail qui me motive à fond ; she isn't stretched at school l'école ne la pousse pas assez ; isn't that stretching it a bit ○ ? vous ne poussez pas un peu ○ ? ;

5 ( eke out) économiser [budget] ; faire durer [supplies].

D vi

1 ( extend one's limbs) s'étirer ;

2 ( spread) [road, track] s'étaler (for sur) ; [forest, water, beach, moor] s'étendre (for sur) ; the road stretches for 200 km la route s'étale sur 200 km ; to stretch over [empire] couvrir [Europe] ; [festivities, course] s'étaler sur [fortnight, month] ; to stretch to ou as far as sth [flex, string] aller jusqu'à qch ; how far does the queue/traffic jam stretch? jusqu'où va la queue/l'embouteillage? ; the weeks stretched into months les semaines devenaient des mois ;

3 ( become larger) [elastic] s'étendre ; [shoe] s'élargir ; [fabric, garment] se déformer ; this fabric stretches ce tissu se déforme ;

4 ○ ( afford) I think I can stretch to a bottle of wine je pense que je peux me permettre une bouteille de vin ; the budget won't stretch to a new computer le budget ne peut pas supporter l'achat d'un nouvel ordinateur.

E v refl to stretch oneself s'étirer ; fig faire un effort.

Phrasal verbs

■ stretch back: the queue stretches back for 100 metres la queue s'étend sur 100 mètres ; to stretch back for centuries [tradition] remonter à plusieurs siècles ; to stretch back to [problem, tradition] remonter à [1970, last year] ; [traffic jam, queue] remonter à [place, corner].

■ stretch out:

▶ stretch out

1 ( lie down) s'étendre, s'allonger ;

2 ( extend) [plain, countryside, road] s'étaler, s'étendre ;

▶ stretch out [sth], stretch [sth] out ( extend) tendre [hand, foot] (towards vers) ; étendre [arm, leg] ; étaler [nets, sheet] ; I stretched my speech out to an hour j'ai fait durer mon discours pendant une heure.

Big English-French dictionary > stretch
9 stretch

stretch [stret∫]

1. noun

   a. ( = period of time) période f

• for a long stretch of time (pendant) longtemps

• for hours at a stretch des heures durant

   b. ( = area) étendue f ; ( = part) partie f

• vast stretches of sand/snow de vastes étendues de sable/de neige

• there's a straight stretch (of road) after you pass the lake il y a une portion de route droite après le lac

• in that stretch of the river dans cette partie de la rivière

   c. to be at full stretch [arms] être complètement tendu ; [person] donner son maximum

• by no or not by any stretch of the imagination can one say that... même en faisant un gros effort d'imagination, on ne peut pas dire que...

2. adjective

[garment, fabric] extensible

3. transitive verb

   a. [+ rope] tendre ; [+ elastic] étirer ; [+ shoe, glove] élargir ; [+ muscle] distendre ; [+ meaning] forcer

• to stretch a point you could say that... on pourrait peut-être aller jusqu'à dire que...

• to stretch one's imagination faire un effort d'imagination

   b. ( = extend also stretch out [+ wing] déployer ; [+ rope, net] tendre

• to stretch o.s. (after sleep) s'étirer

• he stretched (out) his arm to grasp the handle il tendit le bras pour saisir la poignée

• he stretched his leg to ease the cramp il a allongé la jambe pour soulager la crampe

• I'm just going to stretch my legs (inf) ( = go for a walk) je vais juste me dégourdir les jambes

   c. [+ resources, supplies, income] ( = make them last) utiliser au maximum ; ( = put demands on them) mettre à rude épreuve

   d. [+ athlete, student] pousser

• the work he is doing does not stretch him enough le travail qu'il fait n'exige pas assez de lui

• to be fully stretched travailler à la limite de ses possibilités

• to stretch sb to the limits pousser qn au maximum

4. intransitive verb

   a. [person, animal] s'étirer

• he stretched lazily il s'est étiré paresseusement

   b. ( = lengthen) s'allonger ; ( = widen) s'élargir ; [elastic] s'étirer ; [fabric, garment] se détendre

   c. ( = extend) s'étendre

• how far will it stretch? jusqu'où ça va ?

• my money won't stretch to a new car (inf) je n'ai pas les moyens de m'acheter une nouvelle voiture

• the festivities stretched into January les festivités ont duré jusqu'en janvier

5. compounds

► stretch limo (inf) noun limousine f extralongue

► stretch mark noun vergeture f

► stretch out

1. intransitive verb

s'étendre

2. separable transitive verb

   a. [+ arm, hand, foot] tendre ; [+ leg] étendre ; [+ net, rope] tendre

   b. = stretch

* * *
[stretʃ] 1.
noun

1) ( in gymnastics) extension f

to have a stretch — s'étirer

to be at full stretch — [rope, elastic] être tendu au maximum; [factory, office] être à plein régime

at a stretch — fig à la rigueur

2) ( elasticity) élasticité f

3) ( section) (of road, track) tronçon m; (of coastline, river) partie f

4) (of water, countryside) étendue f

5) ( period) période f

I did an 18-month stretch in Tokyo — j'ai travaillé 18 mois à Tokyo

to work for 12 hours at a stretch — travailler 12 heures d'affilée

6) (colloq) ( prison sentence) peine f
2.
adjective [fabric, waist] extensible; [limo] longue
3.
transitive verb

1) ( extend) tendre [rope, spring, net]

to stretch one's arms — s'étirer les bras

to stretch one's legs — fig se dégourdir les jambes

to stretch one's wings — lit, fig déployer ses ailes

2) ( increase the size) lit étirer [elastic]; tirer sur [fabric]; élargir [shoe]; ( distort) déformer [garment, shoe]

3) fig déformer [truth]; contourner [rules, regulations]

to stretch a point — ( make concession) faire une exception; ( exaggerate) aller trop loin

4) ( push to the limit) abuser de [patience]; utiliser [quelque chose] au maximum [budget, resources]; pousser [quelqu'un] au maximum de ses possibilités [person]

the system is stretched to the limit — le système est surchargé

I need a job that stretches me — j'ai besoin d'un travail qui me stimule

isn't that stretching it a bit? — (colloq) vous ne poussez pas un peu? (colloq)

5) ( eke out) faire durer [supplies]
4.
intransitive verb

1) ( extend one's limbs) s'étirer

2) [road, track, event] s'étaler (for, over sur); [forest, water, beach, moor] s'étendre ( for sur)

to stretch to ou as far as something — [flex, string] aller jusqu'à quelque chose

how far does the queue stretch? — jusqu'où va la queue?

the weeks stretched into months — les semaines devenaient des mois

3) ( become larger) [elastic] s'étendre; [shoe] s'élargir; ( undesirably) [fabric, garment] se déformer

4) (colloq) ( afford)

I think I can stretch to a bottle of wine — je pense que je peux me permettre une bouteille de vin

the budget won't stretch to a new computer — le budget ne peut pas supporter l'achat d'un nouvel ordinateur
5.
reflexive verb

to stretch oneself — s'étirer; fig faire un effort

Phrasal Verbs:

- stretch out

English-French dictionary > stretch
10 available capacity of a power station
1. располагаемая мощность агрегата (электростанции)
располагаемая мощность агрегата (электростанции)
Установленная мощность генерирующего агрегата (электростанции), за вычетом ограничений его мощности.
[ ГОСТ 19431-84]

EN

available capacity of a unit
the maximum power at which a unit can be operated continuously under the prevailing conditions
Note – This power may be gross or net.
[IEV ref 602-03-11]

available capacity of a power station
the maximum power at which a power station can be operated continuously under the prevailing conditions
Note – This power may be gross or net.
[IEV ref 602-03-12]

FR

puissance disponible d'une tranche
puissance maximale réalisable en régime continu dans les conditions réelles où une tranche se trouve
Note – Cette puissance peut être brute ou nette.
[IEV ref 602-03-11]

puissance disponible d'une centrale
puissance maximale réalisable en régime continu dans les conditions réelles où une centrale se trouve
Note – Cette puissance peut être brute ou nette.
[IEV ref 602-03-12]

Тематики
- энергетика в целом
Синонимы
- располагаемая мощность
EN
DE
- verfügbare Leistung eines Blocks, f
- verfügbare Leistung eines Kraftwerks
FR
- puissance disponible d'une centrale
- puissance disponible d'une tranche
- puissance disponible d’une centrale
Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > available capacity of a power station
11 available capacity of a unit
1. располагаемая мощность агрегата (электростанции)
располагаемая мощность агрегата (электростанции)
Установленная мощность генерирующего агрегата (электростанции), за вычетом ограничений его мощности.
[ ГОСТ 19431-84]

EN

available capacity of a unit
the maximum power at which a unit can be operated continuously under the prevailing conditions
Note – This power may be gross or net.
[IEV ref 602-03-11]

available capacity of a power station
the maximum power at which a power station can be operated continuously under the prevailing conditions
Note – This power may be gross or net.
[IEV ref 602-03-12]

FR

puissance disponible d'une tranche
puissance maximale réalisable en régime continu dans les conditions réelles où une tranche se trouve
Note – Cette puissance peut être brute ou nette.
[IEV ref 602-03-11]

puissance disponible d'une centrale
puissance maximale réalisable en régime continu dans les conditions réelles où une centrale se trouve
Note – Cette puissance peut être brute ou nette.
[IEV ref 602-03-12]

Тематики
- энергетика в целом
Синонимы
- располагаемая мощность
EN
DE
- verfügbare Leistung eines Blocks, f
- verfügbare Leistung eines Kraftwerks
FR
- puissance disponible d'une centrale
- puissance disponible d'une tranche
- puissance disponible d’une centrale
Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > available capacity of a unit
12 available power station capacity
1. располагаемая мощность агрегата (электростанции)
располагаемая мощность агрегата (электростанции)
Установленная мощность генерирующего агрегата (электростанции), за вычетом ограничений его мощности.
[ ГОСТ 19431-84]

EN

available capacity of a unit
the maximum power at which a unit can be operated continuously under the prevailing conditions
Note – This power may be gross or net.
[IEV ref 602-03-11]

available capacity of a power station
the maximum power at which a power station can be operated continuously under the prevailing conditions
Note – This power may be gross or net.
[IEV ref 602-03-12]

FR

puissance disponible d'une tranche
puissance maximale réalisable en régime continu dans les conditions réelles où une tranche se trouve
Note – Cette puissance peut être brute ou nette.
[IEV ref 602-03-11]

puissance disponible d'une centrale
puissance maximale réalisable en régime continu dans les conditions réelles où une centrale se trouve
Note – Cette puissance peut être brute ou nette.
[IEV ref 602-03-12]

Тематики
- энергетика в целом
Синонимы
- располагаемая мощность
EN
DE
- verfügbare Leistung eines Blocks, f
- verfügbare Leistung eines Kraftwerks
FR
- puissance disponible d'une centrale
- puissance disponible d'une tranche
- puissance disponible d’une centrale
52. Располагаемая мощность агрегата (электростанции)

Располагаемая мощность

E. Available power station capacity

F. Puissance disponible d’une centrale

Установленная мощность генерирующего агрегата (электростанции), за вычетом ограничений его мощности

Источник: ГОСТ 19431-84: Энергетика и электрификация. Термины и определения оригинал документа
Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > available power station capacity
13 continuous current-carrying capacity
1. длительный допустимый ток
2. длительная пропускная способность по току
длительная пропускная способность по току
—
[Я.Н.Лугинский, М.С.Фези-Жилинская, Ю.С.Кабиров. Англо-русский словарь по электротехнике и электроэнергетике, Москва, 1999 г.]

Тематики
- электротехника, основные понятия
EN
- continuous current-carrying capacity
(длительный) допустимый ток
Максимальное значение электрического тока, который может протекать длительно по проводнику, устройству или аппарату при определенных условиях без превышения определенного значения их температуры в установившемся режиме
[ ГОСТ Р МЭК 60050-826-2009]

Этот ток обозначают I_Z
[ ГОСТ Р 50571. 1-2009 ( МЭК 60364-1: 2005)]

EN

(continuous) current-carrying capacity
ampacity (US)
maximum value of electric current which can be carried continuously by a conductor, a device or an apparatus, under specified conditions without its steady-state temperature exceeding a specified value
[IEV number 826-11-13]

ampacity
The current in amperes that a conductor can carry continuously under the conditions of use without exceeding its temperature rating.
[National Electrical Cod]

FR

courant (permanent) admissible, m
valeur maximale du courant électrique qui peut parcourir en permanence, un conducteur, un dispositif ou un appareil, sans que sa température de régime permanent, dans des conditions données, soit supérieure à la valeur spécifiée
[IEV number 826-11-13]

Ampacity, the term is defined as the maximum amount of current a cable can carry before sustaining immediate or progressive deterioration. Also described as current rating or current-carrying capacity, is the RMS electric current which a device can continuously carry while remaining within its temperature rating. The ampacity of a cable depends on:
- its insulation temperature rating;
- conductor electrical properties for current;
- frequency, in the case of alternating currents;
- ability to dissipate heat, which depends on cable geometry and its surroundings;
- ambient temperature.
Electric wires have some resistance, and electric current flowing through them causes voltage drop and power dissipation, which heats the cable. Copper or aluminum can conduct a large amount of current before melting, but long before the conductors melt, their insulation would be damaged by the heat.

The ampacity for a power cable is thus based on physical and electrical properties of the material & construction of the conductor and of its insulation, ambient temperature, and environmental conditions adjacent to the cable. Having a large overall surface area may dissipate heat well if the environment can absorb the heat.

In a long run of cable, different conditions govern, and installation regulations normally specify that the most severe condition along the run governs the cable's rating. Cables run in wet or oily locations may carry a lower temperature rating than in a dry installation. Derating is necessary for multiple circuits in close proximity. When multiple cables are near, each contributes heat to the others and diminishes the amount of cooling air that can flow past the individual cables. The overall ampacity of the insulated conductors in a bundle of more than 3 must be derated, whether in a raceway or cable. Usually the de-rating factor is tabulated in a nation's wiring regulations.

Depending on the type of insulating material, common maximum allowable temperatures at the surface of the conductor are 60, 75 and 90 degrees Celsius, often with an ambient air temperature of 30°C. In the U.S., 105°C is allowed with ambient of 40°C, for larger power cables, especially those operating at more than 2 kV. Likewise, specific insulations are rated 150, 200 or 250°C.

The allowed current in cables generally needs to be decreased (derated) when the cable is covered with fireproofing material.

For example, the United States National Electric Code, Table 310-16, specifies that up to three 8 AWG copper wires having a common insulating material (THWN) in a raceway, cable, or direct burial has an ampacity of 50 A when the ambient air is 30°C, the conductor surface temperature allowed to be 75°C. A single insulated conductor in air has 70 A rating.

Ampacity rating is normally for continuous current, and short periods of overcurrent occur without harm in most cabling systems. The acceptable magnitude and duration of overcurrent is a more complex topic than ampacity.

When designing an electrical system, one will normally need to know the current rating for the following:
- Wires
- Printed Circuit Board traces, where included
- Fuses
- Circuit breakers
- All or nearly all components used
Some devices are limited by power rating, and when this power rating occurs below their current limit, it is not necessary to know the current limit to design a system. A common example of this is lightbulb holders.

[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ampacity]

Тематики
- электротехника, основные понятия
Синонимы
- длительно допустимый ток
- допустимый ток
EN
DE
- Dauerstrombelastbarkeit, f
- Strombelastbarkeit, f
FR
- courant admissible, m
- courant permanent admissible, m
Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > continuous current-carrying capacity
14 ampacity (US)
1. длительный допустимый ток
(длительный) допустимый ток
Максимальное значение электрического тока, который может протекать длительно по проводнику, устройству или аппарату при определенных условиях без превышения определенного значения их температуры в установившемся режиме
[ ГОСТ Р МЭК 60050-826-2009]

Этот ток обозначают I_Z
[ ГОСТ Р 50571. 1-2009 ( МЭК 60364-1: 2005)]

EN

(continuous) current-carrying capacity
ampacity (US)
maximum value of electric current which can be carried continuously by a conductor, a device or an apparatus, under specified conditions without its steady-state temperature exceeding a specified value
[IEV number 826-11-13]

ampacity
The current in amperes that a conductor can carry continuously under the conditions of use without exceeding its temperature rating.
[National Electrical Cod]

FR

courant (permanent) admissible, m
valeur maximale du courant électrique qui peut parcourir en permanence, un conducteur, un dispositif ou un appareil, sans que sa température de régime permanent, dans des conditions données, soit supérieure à la valeur spécifiée
[IEV number 826-11-13]

Ampacity, the term is defined as the maximum amount of current a cable can carry before sustaining immediate or progressive deterioration. Also described as current rating or current-carrying capacity, is the RMS electric current which a device can continuously carry while remaining within its temperature rating. The ampacity of a cable depends on:
- its insulation temperature rating;
- conductor electrical properties for current;
- frequency, in the case of alternating currents;
- ability to dissipate heat, which depends on cable geometry and its surroundings;
- ambient temperature.
Electric wires have some resistance, and electric current flowing through them causes voltage drop and power dissipation, which heats the cable. Copper or aluminum can conduct a large amount of current before melting, but long before the conductors melt, their insulation would be damaged by the heat.

The ampacity for a power cable is thus based on physical and electrical properties of the material & construction of the conductor and of its insulation, ambient temperature, and environmental conditions adjacent to the cable. Having a large overall surface area may dissipate heat well if the environment can absorb the heat.

In a long run of cable, different conditions govern, and installation regulations normally specify that the most severe condition along the run governs the cable's rating. Cables run in wet or oily locations may carry a lower temperature rating than in a dry installation. Derating is necessary for multiple circuits in close proximity. When multiple cables are near, each contributes heat to the others and diminishes the amount of cooling air that can flow past the individual cables. The overall ampacity of the insulated conductors in a bundle of more than 3 must be derated, whether in a raceway or cable. Usually the de-rating factor is tabulated in a nation's wiring regulations.

Depending on the type of insulating material, common maximum allowable temperatures at the surface of the conductor are 60, 75 and 90 degrees Celsius, often with an ambient air temperature of 30°C. In the U.S., 105°C is allowed with ambient of 40°C, for larger power cables, especially those operating at more than 2 kV. Likewise, specific insulations are rated 150, 200 or 250°C.

The allowed current in cables generally needs to be decreased (derated) when the cable is covered with fireproofing material.

For example, the United States National Electric Code, Table 310-16, specifies that up to three 8 AWG copper wires having a common insulating material (THWN) in a raceway, cable, or direct burial has an ampacity of 50 A when the ambient air is 30°C, the conductor surface temperature allowed to be 75°C. A single insulated conductor in air has 70 A rating.

Ampacity rating is normally for continuous current, and short periods of overcurrent occur without harm in most cabling systems. The acceptable magnitude and duration of overcurrent is a more complex topic than ampacity.

When designing an electrical system, one will normally need to know the current rating for the following:
- Wires
- Printed Circuit Board traces, where included
- Fuses
- Circuit breakers
- All or nearly all components used
Some devices are limited by power rating, and when this power rating occurs below their current limit, it is not necessary to know the current limit to design a system. A common example of this is lightbulb holders.

[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ampacity]

Тематики
- электротехника, основные понятия
Синонимы
- длительно допустимый ток
- допустимый ток
EN
DE
- Dauerstrombelastbarkeit, f
- Strombelastbarkeit, f
FR
- courant admissible, m
- courant permanent admissible, m
Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > ampacity (US)
15 continuous current
1. непрерывный ток
2. длительный допустимый ток
(длительный) допустимый ток
Максимальное значение электрического тока, который может протекать длительно по проводнику, устройству или аппарату при определенных условиях без превышения определенного значения их температуры в установившемся режиме
[ ГОСТ Р МЭК 60050-826-2009]

Этот ток обозначают I_Z
[ ГОСТ Р 50571. 1-2009 ( МЭК 60364-1: 2005)]

EN

(continuous) current-carrying capacity
ampacity (US)
maximum value of electric current which can be carried continuously by a conductor, a device or an apparatus, under specified conditions without its steady-state temperature exceeding a specified value
[IEV number 826-11-13]

ampacity
The current in amperes that a conductor can carry continuously under the conditions of use without exceeding its temperature rating.
[National Electrical Cod]

FR

courant (permanent) admissible, m
valeur maximale du courant électrique qui peut parcourir en permanence, un conducteur, un dispositif ou un appareil, sans que sa température de régime permanent, dans des conditions données, soit supérieure à la valeur spécifiée
[IEV number 826-11-13]

Ampacity, the term is defined as the maximum amount of current a cable can carry before sustaining immediate or progressive deterioration. Also described as current rating or current-carrying capacity, is the RMS electric current which a device can continuously carry while remaining within its temperature rating. The ampacity of a cable depends on:
- its insulation temperature rating;
- conductor electrical properties for current;
- frequency, in the case of alternating currents;
- ability to dissipate heat, which depends on cable geometry and its surroundings;
- ambient temperature.
Electric wires have some resistance, and electric current flowing through them causes voltage drop and power dissipation, which heats the cable. Copper or aluminum can conduct a large amount of current before melting, but long before the conductors melt, their insulation would be damaged by the heat.

The ampacity for a power cable is thus based on physical and electrical properties of the material & construction of the conductor and of its insulation, ambient temperature, and environmental conditions adjacent to the cable. Having a large overall surface area may dissipate heat well if the environment can absorb the heat.

In a long run of cable, different conditions govern, and installation regulations normally specify that the most severe condition along the run governs the cable's rating. Cables run in wet or oily locations may carry a lower temperature rating than in a dry installation. Derating is necessary for multiple circuits in close proximity. When multiple cables are near, each contributes heat to the others and diminishes the amount of cooling air that can flow past the individual cables. The overall ampacity of the insulated conductors in a bundle of more than 3 must be derated, whether in a raceway or cable. Usually the de-rating factor is tabulated in a nation's wiring regulations.

Depending on the type of insulating material, common maximum allowable temperatures at the surface of the conductor are 60, 75 and 90 degrees Celsius, often with an ambient air temperature of 30°C. In the U.S., 105°C is allowed with ambient of 40°C, for larger power cables, especially those operating at more than 2 kV. Likewise, specific insulations are rated 150, 200 or 250°C.

The allowed current in cables generally needs to be decreased (derated) when the cable is covered with fireproofing material.

For example, the United States National Electric Code, Table 310-16, specifies that up to three 8 AWG copper wires having a common insulating material (THWN) in a raceway, cable, or direct burial has an ampacity of 50 A when the ambient air is 30°C, the conductor surface temperature allowed to be 75°C. A single insulated conductor in air has 70 A rating.

Ampacity rating is normally for continuous current, and short periods of overcurrent occur without harm in most cabling systems. The acceptable magnitude and duration of overcurrent is a more complex topic than ampacity.

When designing an electrical system, one will normally need to know the current rating for the following:
- Wires
- Printed Circuit Board traces, where included
- Fuses
- Circuit breakers
- All or nearly all components used
Some devices are limited by power rating, and when this power rating occurs below their current limit, it is not necessary to know the current limit to design a system. A common example of this is lightbulb holders.

[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ampacity]

Тематики
- электротехника, основные понятия
Синонимы
- длительно допустимый ток
- допустимый ток
EN
DE
- Dauerstrombelastbarkeit, f
- Strombelastbarkeit, f
FR
- courant admissible, m
- courant permanent admissible, m
непрерывный ток
—
[Я.Н.Лугинский, М.С.Фези-Жилинская, Ю.С.Кабиров. Англо-русский словарь по электротехнике и электроэнергетике, Москва, 1999]

Тематики
- электротехника, основные понятия
EN
- continuous current
Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > continuous current
16 current-carrying capacity
(длительный) допустимый ток
Максимальное значение электрического тока, который может протекать длительно по проводнику, устройству или аппарату при определенных условиях без превышения определенного значения их температуры в установившемся режиме
[ ГОСТ Р МЭК 60050-826-2009]

Этот ток обозначают I_Z
[ ГОСТ Р 50571. 1-2009 ( МЭК 60364-1: 2005)]

EN

(continuous) current-carrying capacity
ampacity (US)
maximum value of electric current which can be carried continuously by a conductor, a device or an apparatus, under specified conditions without its steady-state temperature exceeding a specified value
[IEV number 826-11-13]

ampacity
The current in amperes that a conductor can carry continuously under the conditions of use without exceeding its temperature rating.
[National Electrical Cod]

FR

courant (permanent) admissible, m
valeur maximale du courant électrique qui peut parcourir en permanence, un conducteur, un dispositif ou un appareil, sans que sa température de régime permanent, dans des conditions données, soit supérieure à la valeur spécifiée
[IEV number 826-11-13]

Ampacity, the term is defined as the maximum amount of current a cable can carry before sustaining immediate or progressive deterioration. Also described as current rating or current-carrying capacity, is the RMS electric current which a device can continuously carry while remaining within its temperature rating. The ampacity of a cable depends on:
- its insulation temperature rating;
- conductor electrical properties for current;
- frequency, in the case of alternating currents;
- ability to dissipate heat, which depends on cable geometry and its surroundings;
- ambient temperature.
Electric wires have some resistance, and electric current flowing through them causes voltage drop and power dissipation, which heats the cable. Copper or aluminum can conduct a large amount of current before melting, but long before the conductors melt, their insulation would be damaged by the heat.

The ampacity for a power cable is thus based on physical and electrical properties of the material & construction of the conductor and of its insulation, ambient temperature, and environmental conditions adjacent to the cable. Having a large overall surface area may dissipate heat well if the environment can absorb the heat.

In a long run of cable, different conditions govern, and installation regulations normally specify that the most severe condition along the run governs the cable's rating. Cables run in wet or oily locations may carry a lower temperature rating than in a dry installation. Derating is necessary for multiple circuits in close proximity. When multiple cables are near, each contributes heat to the others and diminishes the amount of cooling air that can flow past the individual cables. The overall ampacity of the insulated conductors in a bundle of more than 3 must be derated, whether in a raceway or cable. Usually the de-rating factor is tabulated in a nation's wiring regulations.

Depending on the type of insulating material, common maximum allowable temperatures at the surface of the conductor are 60, 75 and 90 degrees Celsius, often with an ambient air temperature of 30°C. In the U.S., 105°C is allowed with ambient of 40°C, for larger power cables, especially those operating at more than 2 kV. Likewise, specific insulations are rated 150, 200 or 250°C.

The allowed current in cables generally needs to be decreased (derated) when the cable is covered with fireproofing material.

For example, the United States National Electric Code, Table 310-16, specifies that up to three 8 AWG copper wires having a common insulating material (THWN) in a raceway, cable, or direct burial has an ampacity of 50 A when the ambient air is 30°C, the conductor surface temperature allowed to be 75°C. A single insulated conductor in air has 70 A rating.

Ampacity rating is normally for continuous current, and short periods of overcurrent occur without harm in most cabling systems. The acceptable magnitude and duration of overcurrent is a more complex topic than ampacity.

When designing an electrical system, one will normally need to know the current rating for the following:
- Wires
- Printed Circuit Board traces, where included
- Fuses
- Circuit breakers
- All or nearly all components used
Some devices are limited by power rating, and when this power rating occurs below their current limit, it is not necessary to know the current limit to design a system. A common example of this is lightbulb holders.

[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ampacity]

Тематики
- электротехника, основные понятия
Синонимы
- длительно допустимый ток
- допустимый ток
EN
DE
- Dauerstrombelastbarkeit, f
- Strombelastbarkeit, f
FR
- courant admissible, m
- courant permanent admissible, m
предельно допустимый ток
—
[Я.Н.Лугинский, М.С.Фези-Жилинская, Ю.С.Кабиров. Англо-русский словарь по электротехнике и электроэнергетике, Москва, 1999 г.]

Тематики
- электротехника, основные понятия
EN
- current capacity
- current-carrying capacity
прочность печатной платы к токовой нагрузке
Свойство печатной платы сохранять электрические и механические характеристики после воздействия максимально допустимой токовой нагрузки на печатный проводник или металлизированное отверстие печатной платы.
[ ГОСТ Р 53386-2009]

Тематики
- платы печатные
EN
- current-carrying capacity
Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > current-carrying capacity
17 cyclic rating factor
1. коэффициент циклической токовой нагрузки (кабелей)
коэффициент циклической токовой нагрузки (кабелей)
Коэффициент, на который может быть умножен номинальный ток установившегося режима, соответствующий коэффициенту нагрузки 100 %, для получения допустимого пикового значения тока в течение суточного цикла, при котором температура токопроводящей жилы в течение этого цикла достигает, но не превышает максимально допустимое значение
[IEV number 461-23-02]

EN

cyclic rating factor
factor by which the permissible steady-state rated current corresponding to a 100 % load factor may be multiplied to obtain the permissible peak value of current during a daily cycle such that the conductor attains, but does not exceed, the maximum rated temperature during the cycle
[IEV number 461-23-02]

FR

facteur de régime cyclique
facteur par lequel le courant assigné admissible en régime permanent, correspondant à un facteur de charge 100 %, peut être multiplié pour obtenir la valeur de pointe du courant au cours d'un cycle journalier, de sorte qu'au cours de ce cycle, l'âme atteigne sans la dépasser la température assignée maximale
[IEV number 461-23-02]

Тематики
- кабели, провода...
EN
- cyclic rating factor
DE
- Bemessungsfaktor für zyklische Last
FR
- facteur de régime cyclique
Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > cyclic rating factor
18 theory

1) теория

2) методика; метод; способ

•

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Abbe's theory
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Abbe theory
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absolute reaction rate theory
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acid-basic catalysis theory
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adhesive theory of friction
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affinity theory
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age theory
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Airy-Stokes theory
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approximation theory
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Arrhenius theory
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association theory
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automata theory
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automatic control theory
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behavior theory of canals
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boundary-layer interaction theory
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boundary-layer theory
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Bronsted theory
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bunching theory
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catastrophe theory
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chemical graph theory
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chemical kinetics theory
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circuit theory
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coding theory
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combinatorial theory
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communications theory
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communication theory
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constant angle theory of arch dam design
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contact clastohydrodynamic theory
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control theory
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control-system theory
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coordination theory
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Coulomb's wedge theory
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cylinder theory of arch dam design
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delamination theory of wear
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diffraction theory
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diffusion theory
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dispersion theory
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dissociation theory
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donor-acceptor interaction theory
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double shear theory
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drag theory
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effective arch theory
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elastic theory
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elastic wave theory
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elasticity theory
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electromagnetic field theory
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electromagnetic theory
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energetical wear theory
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erosion theory
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estimation theory
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evaporation theory
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fatigue theory of wear
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fatigue theory
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field theory
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filter theory
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flash temperature theory
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Flory theory
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free space theory
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free volume theory
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free-electron theory of metals
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fuzzy-set theory
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game theory
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general theory
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generalized electric machine theory
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graph theory
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gravitational theory
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gravitation theory
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group theory
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handling theory
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hydroxo-complex theory
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imperfection theory
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information theory
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ionic theory
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kinetic theory of gases
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kinetic theory of liquids
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local theory
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logic theory
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long-range stress theory
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magnetic field theory
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magnetotelluric theory
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mapping theory
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mathematical economic theory
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maximum shear theory
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maximum strain energy theory
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Maxwell's electromagnetic theory
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mechanical interlocking friction theory
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membrane theory
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mixing length theory
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model theory
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molecular attraction friction theory
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molecular theory
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molecular-kinetic theory
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molecular-mechanical theory of friction
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mosaic-block theory
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multienergy-group diffusion theory
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multigroup theory
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multiple catalysis theory
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multiple seismometer theory
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network flow theory
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network theory
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nuclear drop theory
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nuclear theory
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number theory
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nutrient theory
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one-speed diffusion theory
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oxidational theory of wear
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oxide-film barrier theory
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oxyacid theory
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oxygen attack theory
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peracid theory of gum formation
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perturbation theory
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plastic collapse theory
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plastic theory
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plasticity theory
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plate theory
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potential field theory
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potential theory
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prediction theory
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probability theory
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quantum field theory
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quantum theory of light
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queueing theory
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queuing theory
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radiometry theory
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Rankine's theory
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ray-path theory
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ray theory
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reflection theory
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refraction theory
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regime theory of rivers
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renewal theory
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scaled-particle theory
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seismic theory
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set theory
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solid-state theory
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solvation theory
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stability theory
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statistical-decision theory
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steady-state creep theory
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superlattice theory
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system theory
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theory of algorithms
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theory of chances
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theory of elasticity
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theory of errors
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theory of failure
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theory of functions
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theory of lateral earth pressure
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theory of limits
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theory of magnetism
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theory of oscillations
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theory of plasticity
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theory of reliability
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theory of scheduling
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theory of screws
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theory of similarity
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theory of specific heats
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theory of stream lines
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theory of strength
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theory of testing
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theory of thermoelastic instability of contact
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theory of vibrations
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thermodiffusion theory
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thermofluctuational strength theory
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tidal-wave theory
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tractive-force theory
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transition state theory
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transport theory
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unified electrical machine theory
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utility theory
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valence bond theory
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valency theory
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variable-radius theory
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wave theory of light
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welding-shearing friction theory
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zone theory of solids

Англо-русский словарь технических терминов > theory
19 near cash

!

гос. фин. The resource budget contains a separate control total for “near cash” expenditure, that is expenditure such as pay and current grants which impacts directly on the measure of the golden rule.

Introduction

This paper provides background information on the framework for the planning and control of public expenditure in the UK which has been operated since the 1998 Comprehensive Spending Review (CSR). It sets out the different classifications of spending for budgeting purposes and why these distinctions have been adopted. It discusses how the public expenditure framework is designed to ensure both sound public finances and an outcome-focused approach to public expenditure.

Principles of the framework

The UK's public spending framework is based on several key principles:
"
consistency with a long-term, prudent and transparent regime for managing the public finances as a whole;
" "
the judgement of success by policy outcomes rather than resource inputs;
" "
strong incentives for departments and their partners in service delivery to plan over several years and plan together where appropriate so as to deliver better public services with greater cost effectiveness; and
"
the proper costing and management of capital assets to provide the right incentives for public investment.

The Government sets policy to meet two firm fiscal rules:
"
the Golden Rule states that over the economic cycle, the Government will borrow only to invest and not to fund current spending; and
"
the Sustainable Investment Rule states that net public debt as a proportion of GDP will be held over the economic cycle at a stable and prudent level. Other things being equal, net debt will be maintained below 40 per cent of GDP over the economic cycle.

Achievement of the fiscal rules is assessed by reference to the national accounts, which are produced by the Office for National Statistics, acting as an independent agency. The Government sets its spending envelope to comply with these fiscal rules.

Departmental Expenditure Limits ( DEL) and Annually Managed Expenditure (AME)

The framework for public expenditure is divided between
"
Departmental Expenditure Limit ( DEL) spending, which is planned and controlled on a three year basis in Spending Reviews; and
"
Annually Managed Expenditure ( AME), which is expenditure which cannot reasonably be subject to firm, multi-year limits in the same way as DEL. AME includes social security benefits, local authority self-financed expenditure, debt interest, and payments to EU institutions.

More information about DEL and AME is set out below.

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Departmental Expenditure Limits ( DEL)

In Spending Reviews, firm DEL plans are set for departments for three years. To ensure consistency with the Government's fiscal rules departments are set separate resource (current) and capital budgets. The resource budget contains a separate control total for “near cash” expenditure, that is expenditure such as pay and current grants which impacts directly on the measure of the golden rule.

To encourage departments to plan over the medium term departments may carry forward unspent DEL provision from one year into the next and, subject to the normal tests for tautness and realism of plans, may be drawn down in future years. This end-year flexibility also removes any incentive for departments to use up their provision as the year end approaches with less regard to value for money. For the full benefits of this flexibility and of three year plans to feed through into improved public service delivery, end-year flexibility and three year budgets should be cascaded from departments to executive agencies and other budget holders.

Three year budgets and end-year flexibility give those managing public services the stability to plan their operations on a sensible time scale. Further, the system means that departments cannot seek to bid up funds each year (before 1997, three year plans were set and reviewed in annual Public Expenditure Surveys). So the credibility of medium-term plans has been enhanced at both central and departmental level.

Departments have certainty over the budgetary allocation over the medium term and these multi-year DEL plans are strictly enforced. Departments are expected to prioritise competing pressures and fund these within their overall annual limits, as set in Spending Reviews. So the DEL system provides a strong incentive to control costs and maximise value for money.

There is a small centrally held DEL Reserve. Support from the Reserve is available only for genuinely unforeseeable contingencies which departments cannot be expected to manage within their DEL.

Annually Managed Expenditure ( AME)

AME typically consists of programmes which are large, volatile and demand-led, and which therefore cannot reasonably be subject to firm multi-year limits. The biggest single element is social security spending. Other items include tax credits, Local Authority Self Financed Expenditure, Scottish Executive spending financed by non-domestic rates, and spending financed from the proceeds of the National Lottery.

AME is reviewed twice a year as part of the Budget and Pre-Budget Report process reflecting the close integration of the tax and benefit system, which was enhanced by the introduction of tax credits.

AME is not subject to the same three year expenditure limits as DEL, but is still part of the overall envelope for public expenditure. Affordability is taken into account when policy decisions affecting AME are made. The Government has committed itself not to take policy measures which are likely to have the effect of increasing social security or other elements of AME without taking steps to ensure that the effects of those decisions can be accommodated prudently within the Government's fiscal rules.

Given an overall envelope for public spending, forecasts of AME affect the level of resources available for DEL spending. Cautious estimates and the AME margin are built in to these AME forecasts and reduce the risk of overspending on AME.

Total Managed Expenditure

Together, DEL plus AME sum to Total Managed Expenditure (TME). TME is a measure drawn from national accounts. It represents the current and capital spending of the public sector. The public sector is made up of central government, local government and public corporations.

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Resource Accounting and Budgeting ( RAB)

Resource and Capital Budgets are set in terms of accruals information. Accruals information measures resources as they are consumed rather than when the cash is paid. So for example the Resource Budget includes a charge for depreciation, a measure of the consumption or wearing out of capital assets.
"
Non cash charges in budgets do not impact directly on the fiscal framework. That may be because the national accounts use a different way of measuring the same thing, for example in the case of the depreciation of departmental assets. Or it may be that the national accounts measure something different: for example, resource budgets include a cost of capital charge reflecting the opportunity cost of holding capital; the national accounts include debt interest.
"
Within the Resource Budget DEL, departments have separate controls on:
"
Near cash spending, the sub set of Resource Budgets which impacts directly on the Golden Rule; and
"
Administration Budgets (see below)

Administration Budgets

The amount of their Resource Budget DEL that departments may spend on running themselves (e.g. paying most civil servants’ salaries) is limited by Administration Budgets, which are set in Spending Reviews. Administration Budgets are used to ensure that as much money as practicable is available for front line services and programmes. These budgets also help to drive efficiency improvements in departments’ own activities. Administration Budgets exclude the costs of frontline services delivered directly by departments.

Spending Reviews

The Budget preceding a Spending Review sets an overall envelope for public spending that is consistent with the fiscal rules for the period covered by the Spending Review. In the Spending Review, the Budget AME forecast for year one of the Spending Review period is updated, and AME forecasts are made for the later years of the Spending Review period.

The 1998 Comprehensive Spending Review ( CSR), which was published in July 1998, was a comprehensive review of departmental aims and objectives alongside a zero-based analysis of each spending programme to determine the best way of delivering the Government's objectives. The 1998 CSR allocated substantial additional resources to the Government's key priorities, particularly education and health, for the three year period from 1999-2000 to 2001-02.

Delivering better public services does not just depend on how much money the Government spends, but also on how well it spends it. Therefore the 1998 CSR introduced Public Service Agreements (PSAs). Each major government department was given its own PSA setting out clear targets for achievements in terms of public service improvements.

The 1998 CSR also introduced the DEL/ AME framework for the control of public spending, and made other framework changes. Building on the investment and reforms delivered by the 1998 CSR, successive spending reviews in 2000, 2002 and 2004 have:
"
provided significant increase in resources for the Government’s priorities, in particular health and education, and cross-cutting themes such as raising productivity; extending opportunity; and building strong and secure communities;
" "
enabled the Government significantly to increase investment in public assets and address the legacy of under investment from past decades. Departmental Investment Strategies were introduced in SR2000. As a result there has been a steady increase in public sector net investment from less than ¾ of a per cent of GDP in 1997-98 to 2¼ per cent of GDP in 2005-06, providing better infrastructure across public services;
" "
introduced further refinements to the performance management framework. PSA targets have been reduced in number over successive spending reviews from around 300 to 110 to give greater focus to the Government’s highest priorities. The targets have become increasingly outcome-focused to deliver further improvements in key areas of public service delivery across Government. They have also been refined in line with the conclusions of the Devolving Decision Making Review to provide a framework which encourages greater devolution and local flexibility. Technical Notes were introduced in SR2000 explaining how performance against each PSA target will be measured; and
"
not only allocated near cash spending to departments, but also – since SR2002 - set Resource DEL plans for non cash spending.

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Comprehensive Spending Review 2007

To identify what further investments and reforms are needed to equip the UK for the global challenges of the decade ahead, on 19 July 2005 the Chief Secretary to the Treasury announced that the Government intends to launch a second Comprehensive Spending Review (CSR) reporting in 2007.

A decade on from the first CSR, the 2007 CSR will represent a long-term and fundamental review of government expenditure. It will cover departmental allocations for 2008-09, 2009-10 and 2010 11. Allocations for 2007-08 will be held to the agreed figures already announced by the 2004 Spending Review. To provide a rigorous analytical framework for these departmental allocations, the Government will be taking forward a programme of preparatory work over 2006 involving:
"
an assessment of what the sustained increases in spending and reforms to public service delivery have achieved since the first CSR. The assessment will inform the setting of new objectives for the decade ahead;
" "
an examination of the key long-term trends and challenges that will shape the next decade – including demographic and socio-economic change, globalisation, climate and environmental change, global insecurity and technological change – together with an assessment of how public services will need to respond;
" "
to release the resources needed to address these challenges, and to continue to secure maximum value for money from public spending over the CSR period, a set of zero-based reviews of departments’ baseline expenditure to assess its effectiveness in delivering the Government’s long-term objectives; together with
"
further development of the efficiency programme, building on the cross cutting areas identified in the Gershon Review, to embed and extend ongoing efficiency savings into departmental expenditure planning.

The 2007 CSR also offers the opportunity to continue to refine the PSA framework so that it drives effective delivery and the attainment of ambitious national standards.

Obtaining good performance

Public Service Agreements (PSAs) were introduced in the 1998 CSR. They set out agreed targets detailing the outputs and outcomes departments are expected to deliver with the resources allocated to them. The new spending regime places a strong emphasis on outcome targets, for example in providing for better health and higher educational standards or service standards. The introduction in SR2004 of PSA ‘standards’ will ensure that high standards in priority areas are maintained.

The Government monitors progress against PSA targets, and departments report in detail twice a year in their annual Departmental Reports (published in spring) and in their autumn performance reports. These reports provide Parliament and the public with regular updates on departments’ performance against their targets.

Technical Notes explain how performance against each PSA target will be measured.

Departmental Investment Strategies (DISs)

To make the most of both new investment and existing assets, there needs to be a coherent long term strategy against which investment decisions are taken. Departmental Investment Strategies (DIS) set out each department's plans to deliver the scale and quality of capital stock needed to underpin its objectives. The DIS includes information about the department's existing capital stock and future plans for that stock, as well as plans for new investment. It also sets out the systems that the department has in place to ensure that it delivers its capital programmes effectively.

This document was updated on 19 December 2005.

Near-cash resource expenditure that has a related cash implication, even though the timing of the cash payment may be slightly different. For example, expenditure on gas or electricity supply is incurred as the fuel is used, though the cash payment might be made in arrears on aquarterly basis. Other examples of near-cash expenditure are: pay, rental.Net cash requirement the upper limit agreed by Parliament on the cash which a department may draw from theConsolidated Fund to finance the expenditure within the ambit of its Request forResources. It is equal to the agreed amount of net resources and net capital less non-cashitems and working capital.Non-cash cost costs where there is no cash transaction but which are included in a body’s accounts (or taken into account in charging for a service) to establish the true cost of all the resourcesused.Non-departmental a body which has a role in the processes of government, but is not a government public body, NDPBdepartment or part of one. NDPBs accordingly operate at arm’s length from governmentMinisters.Notional cost of a cost which is taken into account in setting fees and charges to improve comparability with insuranceprivate sector service providers.The charge takes account of the fact that public bodies donot generally pay an insurance premium to a commercial insurer.the independent body responsible for collecting and publishing official statistics about theUK’s society and economy. (At the time of going to print legislation was progressing tochange this body to the Statistics Board).Office of Government an office of the Treasury, with a status similar to that of an agency, which aims to maximise Commerce, OGCthe government’s purchasing power for routine items and combine professional expertiseto bear on capital projects.Office of the the government department responsible for discharging the Paymaster General’s statutoryPaymaster General,responsibilities to hold accounts and make payments for government departments and OPGother public bodies.Orange bookthe informal title for Management of Risks: Principles and Concepts, which is published by theTreasury for the guidance of public sector bodies.Office for NationalStatistics, ONS60Managing Public Money

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GLOSSARYOverdraftan account with a negative balance.Parliament’s formal agreement to authorise an activity or expenditure.Prerogative powerspowers exercisable under the Royal Prerogative, ie powers which are unique to the Crown,as contrasted with common-law powers which may be available to the Crown on the samebasis as to natural persons.Primary legislationActs which have been passed by the Westminster Parliament and, where they haveappropriate powers, the Scottish Parliament and the Northern Ireland Assembly. Begin asBills until they have received Royal Assent.arrangements under which a public sector organisation contracts with a private sectorentity to construct a facility and provide associated services of a specified quality over asustained period. See annex 7.5.Proprietythe principle that patterns of resource consumption should respect Parliament’s intentions,conventions and control procedures, including any laid down by the PAC. See box 2.4.Public Accountssee Committee of Public Accounts.CommitteePublic corporationa trading body controlled by central government, local authority or other publiccorporation that has substantial day to day operating independence. See section 7.8.Public Dividend finance provided by government to public sector bodies as an equity stake; an alternative to Capital, PDCloan finance.Public Service sets out what the public can expect the government to deliver with its resources. EveryAgreement, PSAlarge government department has PSA(s) which specify deliverables as targets or aimsrelated to objectives.a structured arrangement between a public sector and a private sector organisation tosecure an outcome delivering good value for money for the public sector. It is classified tothe public or private sector according to which has more control.Rate of returnthe financial remuneration delivered by a particular project or enterprise, expressed as apercentage of the net assets employed.Regularitythe principle that resource consumption should accord with the relevant legislation, therelevant delegated authority and this document. See box 2.4.Request for the functional level into which departmental Estimates may be split. RfRs contain a number Resources, RfRof functions being carried out by the department in pursuit of one or more of thatdepartment’s objectives.Resource accountan accruals account produced in line with the Financial Reporting Manual (FReM).Resource accountingthe system under which budgets, Estimates and accounts are constructed in a similar wayto commercial audited accounts, so that both plans and records of expenditure allow in fullfor the goods and services which are to be, or have been, consumed – ie not just the cashexpended.Resource budgetthe means by which the government plans and controls the expenditure of resources tomeet its objectives.Restitutiona legal concept which allows money and property to be returned to its rightful owner. Ittypically operates where another person can be said to have been unjustly enriched byreceiving such monies.Return on capital the ratio of profit to capital employed of an accounting entity during an identified period.employed, ROCEVarious measures of profit and of capital employed may be used in calculating the ratio.Public Privatepartnership, PPPPrivate Finance Initiative, PFIParliamentaryauthority61Managing Public Money
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GLOSSARYRoyal charterthe document setting out the powers and constitution of a corporation established underprerogative power of the monarch acting on Privy Council advice.Second readingthe second formal time that a House of Parliament may debate a bill, although in practicethe first substantive debate on its content. If successful, it is deemed to denoteParliamentary approval of the principle of the proposed legislation.Secondary legislationlaws, including orders and regulations, which are made using powers in primary legislation.Normally used to set out technical and administrative provision in greater detail thanprimary legislation, they are subject to a less intense level of scrutiny in Parliament.European legislation is,however,often implemented in secondary legislation using powers inthe European Communities Act 1972.Service-level agreement between parties, setting out in detail the level of service to be performed.agreementWhere agreements are between central government bodies, they are not legally a contractbut have a similar function.Shareholder Executive a body created to improve the government’s performance as a shareholder in businesses.Spending reviewsets out the key improvements in public services that the public can expect over a givenperiod. It includes a thorough review of departmental aims and objectives to find the bestway of delivering the government’s objectives, and sets out the spending plans for the givenperiod.State aidstate support for a domestic body or company which could distort EU competition and sois not usually allowed. See annex 4.9.Statement of Excessa formal statement detailing departments’ overspends prepared by the Comptroller andAuditor General as a result of undertaking annual audits.Statement on Internal an annual statement that Accounting Officers are required to make as part of the accounts Control, SICon a range of risk and control issues.Subheadindividual elements of departmental expenditure identifiable in Estimates as single cells, forexample cell A1 being administration costs within a particular line of departmental spending.Supplyresources voted by Parliament in response to Estimates, for expenditure by governmentdepartments.Supply Estimatesa statement of the resources the government needs in the coming financial year, and forwhat purpose(s), by which Parliamentary authority is sought for the planned level ofexpenditure and income.Target rate of returnthe rate of return required of a project or enterprise over a given period, usually at least a year.Third sectorprivate sector bodies which do not act commercially,including charities,social and voluntaryorganisations and other not-for-profit collectives. See annex 7.7.Total Managed a Treasury budgeting term which covers all current and capital spending carried out by the Expenditure,TMEpublic sector (ie not just by central departments).Trading fundan organisation (either within a government department or forming one) which is largely orwholly financed from commercial revenue generated by its activities. Its Estimate shows itsnet impact, allowing its income from receipts to be devoted entirely to its business.Treasury Minutea formal administrative document drawn up by the Treasury, which may serve a wide varietyof purposes including seeking Parliamentary approval for the use of receipts asappropriations in aid, a remission of some or all of the principal of voted loans, andresponding on behalf of the government to reports by the Public Accounts Committee(PAC).62Managing Public Money

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GLOSSARY63Managing Public MoneyValue for moneythe process under which organisation’s procurement, projects and processes aresystematically evaluated and assessed to provide confidence about suitability, effectiveness,prudence,quality,value and avoidance of error and other waste,judged for the public sectoras a whole.Virementthe process through which funds are moved between subheads such that additionalexpenditure on one is met by savings on one or more others.Votethe process by which Parliament approves funds in response to supply Estimates.Voted expenditureprovision for expenditure that has been authorised by Parliament. Parliament ‘votes’authority for public expenditure through the Supply Estimates process. Most expenditureby central government departments is authorised in this way.Wider market activity activities undertaken by central government organisations outside their statutory duties,using spare capacity and aimed at generating a commercial profit. See annex 7.6.Windfallmonies received by a department which were not anticipated in the spending review.

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64Managing Public Money

Англо-русский экономический словарь > near cash
20 full

full [fʊl]

━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

1. adjective

2. adverb

3. noun

4. compounds

━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

1. adjective

   a. ( = filled) plein ; [hotel] complet (- ète f)

• I'm full! (inf) j'ai trop mangé !

• you'll work better on a full stomach tu travailleras mieux le ventre plein

• "house full" (Theatre) « complet »

• I have a full morning ahead of me j'ai une matinée chargée devant moi

• he's had a full life il a eu une vie (bien) remplie

► full of plein de

• pockets full of money des poches pleines d'argent

• a look full of hate un regard plein de haine

• he's full of hope il est plein d'espoir

• he's full of good ideas il est plein de bonnes idées

• full of one's own importance plein de suffisance

• full of oneself imbu de soi-même

   b. ( = complete) I waited two full hours j'ai attendu deux bonnes heures

• a full 10 kilometres 10 bons kilomètres

• full employment plein emploi m

• to pay full fare payer plein tarif

• in full flight en plein vol

• to pay full price for sth (for goods) acheter qch au prix fort ; (for tickets, fares) payer qch plein tarif

• at full speed à toute vitesse

• to go full steam ahead avancer à plein régime

• full member membre m à part entière

   c. ( = ample) [lips] charnu ; [figure] replet (- ète f)

• clothes for the fuller figure des vêtements pour personnes fortes

2. adverb

• to hit sb full in the face frapper qn en plein visage

• to go full out mettre le paquet (inf)

• to turn the volume up full mettre le volume à fond

► full well [know, understand] fort bien

3. noun

► in full

• to write one's name in full écrire son nom en entier

• to publish a letter in full publier une lettre intégralement► to the full pleinement

4. compounds

► full beam noun (British)

to drive with one's headlights on full beam rouler en pleins phares ► full-blooded adjective ( = vigorous) vigoureux ; ( = of unmixed race) de race pure

► full-blown adjective [crisis, epidemic] généralisé

• he has full-blown Aids il a un sida déclaré ► full-bodied adjective [wine] qui a du corps

► full-cream milk noun lait m entier

► full-face adjective [photograph] de face

► full-fledged adjective (US) = fully-fledged → fully

► full frontal noun nu m intégral de face

► full-frontal adjective [photograph] d'un nu intégral de face

• full-frontal assault attaque f de front ► full-grown adjective [child] parvenu au terme de sa croissance ; [animal, man, woman] adulte

► full-length adjective [mirror] en pied ; [dress] long ; [curtains] tombant jusqu'au sol

► full moon noun pleine lune f

► full name noun nom m et prénom(s) m(pl)

► full-on (inf) adjective

• full-on military intervention intervention f militaire massive

• they had a full-on traditional wedding c'était un mariage traditionnel, fait dans les règles

• she's a bit full-on elle est un peu envahissante ► full-page adjective [advert, article] pleine page

► full pay noun

• to be suspended on full pay être suspendu de ses fonctions sans perte de salaire ► full-sized adjective ( = life-sized) [drawing] grandeur nature inv ; ( = adult-sized) [bicycle, violin, bed] d'adulte

► full stop noun (British Grammar) point m

► full time adverb [work] à plein temps noun (British Sport) fin f de match

► full-time adjective [employment] à plein temps

• she's a full-time secretary elle est secrétaire à plein temps

• it's a full-time job looking after those children (inf) c'est un travail à temps plein de s'occuper de ces enfants-là

• full-time score (Sport) score m final

* * *
[fʊl] 1.
adjective

1) ( completely filled) [box, glass, room] plein; [hotel, flight, car park] complet/-ète; [theatre] comble

a full bottle of whisky — une pleine bouteille de whisky

full to the brim — plein à ras bord

full to overflowing — [bucket] plein à déborder; [suitcase] plein à craquer (colloq)

I've got my hands full — lit j'ai les mains pleines; fig je suis débordé

don't speak with your mouth full — ne parle pas la bouche pleine

full of — plein de

he's full of his holiday plans — il ne parle que de ses projets de vacances

to be full of one's own importance — être plein de suffisance

2) (also full up) [stomach] plein

I'm full — (colloq) je n'en peux plus

3) ( busy) [day, week] chargé, bien rempli

my diary is full for this week — mon agenda est complet pour cette semaine

a very full life — une vie très remplie

4) ( complete) [name, breakfast, story] complet/-ète; [price, control, understanding] total; [responsibility] entier/-ière; [support] inconditionnel/-elle; [inquiry] approfondi

the full extent of the damage — l'ampleur des dégâts

the full implications of — toutes les implications de, toute la portée de

he has a full head of hair — il a tous ses cheveux

to be in full view — être parfaitement visible

5) ( officially recognized) [member] à part entière; [right] plein (before n)

6) ( maximum) [employment, bloom] plein (before n)

at full volume — à plein volume

at full speed — à toute vitesse

in full sunlight — en plein soleil

to make full use of something, to use something to full advantage — profiter pleinement de quelque chose

to get full marks — GB obtenir la note maximale

7) ( for emphasis) [hour, kilo, month] bon/bonne (before n)

8) ( rounded) [cheeks] rond; [lips] charnu; [figure] fort; [skirt, sleeve] ample

9)

there's a full moon — c'est la pleine lune

10) ( rich) [flavour, tone] riche
2.
adverb

1) ( directly)

to hit somebody full in the face — frapper quelqu'un en plein visage

to look somebody full in the face — regarder quelqu'un droit dans les yeux

2) ( very)

to know full well that — savoir fort bien que

3) ( to the maximum)

with the heating up full — avec le chauffage à fond
3.
in full adverbial phrase [describe, pay] intégralement

••

to live life to the full — profiter pleinement de l'existence

English-French dictionary > full

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См. также в других словарях:

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Régime de neutre — Schéma de liaison à la terre Pour les articles homonymes, voir SLT. En électricité, un Schéma de Liaison à la Terre, ou SLT (Anciennement Régime de neutre) définit le mode de raccordement à la terre du point neutre d un transformateur de… … Wikipédia en Français

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